What Scripture Do Jews Read on Trumpets

Drove of aboriginal Hebrew scriptures, central to Judaism

Hebrew Bible
תַּנַ״ךְ‎, Tanach
Complete set of scrolls, constituting the Tanakh
Information
Religion	Judaism Christianity
Language	Biblical Hebrew Biblical Aramaic
Period	eighth/7th centuries BCE – second/1st centuries BCE
Hebrew Bible at Hebrew Wikisource

The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh ^[a] (;^[1] Hebrew: תַּנַ״ךְ‎, pronounced [taˈnaχ] or [təˈnax]) is the canonical collection of Hebrew scriptures, including the Torah, the Nevi'im, and the Ketuvim. These texts are almost exclusively in Biblical Hebrew, with a few passages in Biblical Aramaic (in the books of Daniel and Ezra, the verse Jeremiah 10:11,^[2] and some single words).

The authoritative form of the Hebrew Bible for Rabbinic Judaism is the Masoretic Text (7th to 10th century CE), which consists of 24 books, divided into pesuqim (verses). The contents of the Hebrew Bible are like to those of the Protestant Christian One-time Testament, in which the material is divided into 39 books and arranged in a dissimilar order. Catholic Bibles, Eastern / Greek Orthodox Bibles and Ethiopian Orthodox Bibles incorporate additional materials, derived from the Septuagint (texts translated into Koine Greek) and other sources.

In addition to the Masoretic Text, mod scholars seeking to empathise the history of the Hebrew Bible use a range of sources.^[3] These include the Septuagint, the Syriac language Peshitta translation, the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Dead Sea Scrolls collection and quotations from rabbinic manuscripts. These sources may be older than the Masoretic Text in some cases and ofttimes differ from it.^[4] These differences have given ascension to the theory that yet another text, an Urtext of the Hebrew Bible, once existed and is the source of the versions extant today.^[5] Yet, such an Urtext has never been institute, and which of the three commonly known versions (Septuagint, Masoretic Text, Samaritan Pentateuch) is closest to the Urtext is debated.^[6]

The name "Tanakh" [edit]

Tanakh is an acronym, made from the first Hebrew letter of each of the Masoretic Text's three traditional divisions: Torah (literally 'Instruction' or 'Police'),^[vii] Nevi'im (Prophets), and Ketuvim (Writings)—hence TaNaKh.

The iii-role division reflected in the acronym Tanakh is well attested in the rabbinic literature.^[8] During that catamenia, however, Tanakh was not used. Instead, the proper title was Mikra (or Miqra, מקרא, meaning reading or that which is read) because the biblical texts were read publicly. The acronym 'Tanakh' is get-go recorded in the medieval era.^[9] Mikra continues to be used in Hebrew to this day, alongside Tanakh, to refer to the Hebrew scriptures. In mod spoken Hebrew, they are interchangeable.^[10]

The term "Hebrew Bible" [edit]

Many biblical studies scholars advocate use of the term Hebrew Bible (or Hebrew Scriptures) as a substitute for less-neutral terms with Jewish or Christian connotations (due east.g. Tanakh or Old Testament).^[11] ^[12] The Society of Biblical Literature's Handbook of Way, which is the standard for major academic journals like the Harvard Theological Review and conservative Protestant journals like the Bibliotheca Sacra and the Westminster Theological Periodical, suggests that authors "be aware of the connotations of alternative expressions such as...Hebrew Bible [and] Onetime Testament" without prescribing the utilize of either.^[thirteen] Alister McGrath points out that while the term emphasizes that it is largely written in Hebrew and "is sacred to the Hebrew people", it "fails to do justice to the mode in which Christianity sees an essential continuity between the Old and New Testaments", arguing that there is "no by and large accepted alternative to the traditional term 'Old Testament.'"^{[ verification needed ]} However, he accepts that in that location is no reason why not-Christians should experience obliged to refer to these books as the Old Testament, "apart from custom of employ."^[14]

Christianity has long asserted a close relationship between the Hebrew Bible and New Attestation, although there have sometimes been movements like Marcionism (viewed as heretical past the early church), that have struggled with information technology.^[14] ^[15] ^[16] Mod Christian formulations of this tension include supersessionism, covenant theology, new covenant theology, dispensationalism and dual-covenant theology. All of these formulations, except some forms of dual-covenant theology, are objectionable to mainstream Judaism and to many Jewish scholars and writers, for whom there is one eternal covenant betwixt God and the Israelites, and who therefore reject the term "Old Testament" equally a form of antinomianism.

Christian usage of the "Old Attestation" does not refer to a universally agreed-upon prepare of books but, rather, varies depending on denomination. Lutheranism and Protestant denominations that follow the Westminster Confession of Faith take the entire Jewish canon as the Old Attestation without additions, although in translation they sometimes requite preference to the Septuagint (LXX) rather than the Masoretic Text; for example, see Isaiah seven:14.

"Hebrew" refers to the original language of the books, just it may too exist taken as referring to the Jews of the 2d Temple era and their descendants, who preserved the manual of the Masoretic Text up to the present day.^[17] The Hebrew Bible includes modest portions in Aramaic (mostly in the books of Daniel and Ezra), written and printed in Aramaic square-script, which was adopted as the Hebrew alphabet after the Babylonian exile.

Evolution and codification [edit]

The inter-human relationship between various meaning ancient manuscripts of the Old Testament (some identified by their siglum). Mt beingness the Masoretic text. The lowermost text "(lost)" would be the Urtext.

In that location is no scholarly consensus as to when the Hebrew Bible catechism was fixed: some scholars argue that information technology was fixed past the Hasmonean dynasty,^[18] while others debate it was not fixed until the 2d century CE or even later.^[19]

According to Louis Ginzberg's Legends of the Jews, the twenty-iv book canon of the Hebrew Bible was fixed past Ezra and the scribes in the 2nd Temple menstruum.^[20]

According to the Talmud, much of the Tanakh was compiled by the men of the Great Assembly (Anshei K'nesset HaGedolah), a task completed in 450 BCE, and it has remained unchanged e'er since.^[21]

The 24-volume canon is mentioned in the Midrash Koheleth 12:12: Whoever brings together in his house more than than twenty 4 books brings confusion.^[22]

Language and pronunciation [edit]

The original writing system of the Hebrew text was an abjad: consonants written with some practical vowel letters ("matres lectionis"). During the early Middle Ages, scholars known as the Masoretes created a single formalized system of vocalization. This was importantly done by Aaron ben Moses ben Asher, in the Tiberias school, based on the oral tradition for reading the Tanakh, hence the proper noun Tiberian phonation. It also included some innovations of Ben Naftali and the Babylonian exiles.^[23] Despite the comparatively late process of codification, some traditional sources and some Orthodox Jews agree the pronunciation and cantillation to derive from the revelation at Sinai, since information technology is incommunicable to read the original text without pronunciations and cantillation pauses.^[24] The combination of a text ( מקרא mikra), pronunciation ( ניקוד niqqud) and cantillation ( טעמים te`amim) enable the reader to sympathize both the uncomplicated pregnant and the nuances in sentence flow of the text.

Number of unlike words used [edit]

The number of distinct words in the Hebrew Bible is 8,679, of which 1,480 are hapax legomena,^[25] ^: 112 words or expressions that occur merely once. The number of distinct Semitic roots, on which many of these biblical words are based, is roughly 2000.^[25] ^: 112

Books of the Tanakh [edit]

The Tanakh consists of 20-four books, counting as ane volume each 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel, 1 Kings and two Kings, 1 Chronicles and 2 Chronicles, and Ezra–Nehemiah. The Twelve Minor Prophets ( תרי עשר ) are also counted equally a single book. In Hebrew, the books are often referred to past their prominent first word(s).

Torah [edit]

The Torah (תּוֹרָה, literally "teaching"), also known equally the "Pentateuch", or equally the "5 Books of Moses". Printed versions (rather than scrolls) of the Torah are frequently chosen "Chamisha Chumshei Torah"" ( חמישה חומשי תורה "Five fifth-sections of the Torah") and informally a "Chumash".

Bərē'šīṯ (בְּרֵאשִׁית, literally "In the offset") – Genesis
Šəmōṯ (שְׁמֹות, literally "The names [of]") – Exodus
Vayyīqrā' (וַיִּקְרָא, literally "And He called") – Leviticus
Bəmīḏbar (בְּמִדְבַּר, literally "In the desert [of]") – Numbers
Dəvārīm (דְּבָרִים, literally "Things" or "Words") – Deuteronomy

Nevi'im [edit]

Nevi'im ( נְבִיאִים Nəḇī'īm , "Prophets") is the second principal sectionalization of the Tanakh, between the Torah and Ketuvim. This division includes the books which comprehend the time from the entrance of the Israelites into the Land of State of israel until the Babylonian captivity of Judah (the "period of prophecy"). Their distribution is non chronological, but substantive.

The Former Prophets ( נביאים ראשונים Nevi'im Rishonim )

Yəhōšua' (יְהוֹשֻעַ) – Joshua
Šōfṭīm (שֹׁפְטִים) – Judges
Šəmū'ēl (שְׁמוּאֵל) – Samuel
Məlāḵīm (מְלָכִים) – Kings

The Latter Prophets ( נביאים אחרונים Nevi'im Aharonim )

Yəša'yāhū (יְשַׁעְיָהוּ) – Isaiah
Yīrməyāhū (יִרְמְיָהוּ) – Jeremiah
Yəḥezqē'50 (יְחֶזְקֵאל) – Ezekiel

The Twelve Modest Prophets ( תרי עשר , Trei Asar, "The Twelve"), which are considered one book

Hōšēa' (הוֹשֵׁעַ) – Hosea
Yō'ēl (יוֹאֵל) – Joel
'Āmōs (עָמוֹס) – Amos
'Ōḇaḏyā (עֹבַדְיָה) – Obadiah
Yōnā (יוֹנָה) – Jonah
Mīḵā (מִיכָה) – Micah
Naḥūm (נַחוּם) – Nahum
Ḥăḇaqqūq (חֲבַקּוּק) – Habakkuk
Ṣəfanyā (צְפַנְיָה) – Zephaniah
Ḥaggay (חַגַּי) – Haggai
Zəḵaryā (זְכַרְיָה) – Zechariah
Mal'āḵī (מַלְאָכִי) – Malachi

Ketuvim [edit]

Kəṯūḇīm ( כְּתוּבִים , "Writings") consists of eleven books.

Poetic books [edit]

In Masoretic manuscripts (and some printed editions), Psalms, Proverbs and Task are presented in a special two-column form emphasizing the parallel stichs in the verses, which are a function of their poetry. Collectively, these three books are known as Sifrei Emet (an acronym of the titles in Hebrew, איוב, משלי, תהלים yields Emet אמ"ת, which is too the Hebrew for "truth").

These three books are likewise the but ones in Tanakh with a special system of cantillation notes that are designed to emphasize parallel stichs inside verses. All the same, the beginning and end of the book of Chore are in the normal prose organization.

Təhīllīm (תְהִלִּים) – Psalms
Mīšlē (מִשְׁלֵי) – Book of Proverbs
'Īyyōḇ (אִיּוֹב) – Book of Job

V scrolls [edit]

The five relatively brusque books of the Vocal of Songs, the Book of Ruth, the Book of Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, and the Book of Esther are collectively known as the Ḥamesh Megillot (V Megillot). These are the latest books collected and designated as "authoritative" in the Jewish catechism, with the latest parts having dates ranging into the 2nd century BCE. These scrolls are traditionally read over the course of the year in many Jewish communities.

These books are read aloud in the synagogue on detail occasions, the occasion listed below in parenthesis.

Šīr hašŠīrīm (שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים) – Song of Songs, also known as Song of Solomon (on Passover)
Rūṯ (רוּת) – Volume of Ruth (on Shavuot)
'Ēḵā (אֵיכָה) – Book of Lamentations (on Tisha B'Av^[26])
Qōheleṯ (קֹהֶלֶת) – Ecclesiastes (on Sukkot)
'Estēr (אֶסְתֵר) – Book of Esther (on Purim)

Other books [edit]

Besides the three poetic books and the five scrolls, the remaining books in Ketuvim are Daniel, Ezra–Nehemiah and Chronicles. Although there is no formal grouping for these books in the Jewish tradition, they still share a number of distinguishing characteristics.

Their narratives all openly describe relatively late events (i.east. the Babylonian captivity and the subsequent restoration of Zion).
The Talmudic tradition ascribes tardily authorship to all of them.
Two of them (Daniel and Ezra) are the only books in Tanakh with significant portions in Aramaic.

Dānī'ēl (דָּנִיֵּאל) – Book of Daniel
'Ezrā (עֶזְרָא) – Book of Ezra and Volume of Nehemiah
Dīvrē hayYāmīm (דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים) – Books of Chronicles

Book order [edit]

The Jewish textual tradition never finalized the order of the books in Ketuvim. The Babylonian Talmud (Bava Batra 14b – 15a) gives their order every bit Ruth, Psalms, Chore, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Lamentations, Daniel, Scroll of Esther, Ezra, Chronicles.

In Tiberian Masoretic codices, including the Aleppo Codex and the St. petersburg Codex, and ofttimes in one-time Spanish manuscripts every bit well, the social club is Chronicles, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ruth, Vocal of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, Esther, Daniel, Ezra.^[27]

Nach [edit]

Nach, besides anglicized Nakh , refers to the Nevi'im and Ketuvim portions of Tanakh.^[28] ^[29] Nach is oftentimes referred to as its own subject,^[thirty] split up from Torah.^[31]

It is a major subject in the curriculum of Orthodox high schools for girls and in the seminaries which they later on attend,^[28] and is oftentimes taught by different teachers than those who teach Chumash.^[xxx] The curriculum of Orthodox high schools for boys includes just some portions of Nach, such as the book of Joshua, the volume of Judges,^[32] and the 5 Megillot.^[33]

Translations [edit]

The Holy Scriptures According to the Masoretic Text: A New Translation with the aid of Previous Versions & with the Constant Consultation of Jewish Authorities was published in 1917 past the Jewish Publication Society. It was replaced by their Tanakh in 1985
Tanakh, Jewish Publication Society, 1985, ISBN 0-8276-0252-nine
Tanach: The Stone Edition, Hebrew with English translation, Mesorah Publications, 1996, ISBN 0-89906-269-five, named after benefactor Irving I. Stone.
Tanakh Ram, an ongoing translation to Modern Hebrew (2010–) by Avraham Ahuvya (RAM Publishing House Ltd. and Miskal Ltd.)
The Living Torah and The Living Nach, a 1981 translation of the Torah past Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan and a subsequent posthumous translation of the Nevi'im and Ketuvim following the model of the first volume

[edit]

The major commentary used for the Chumash is the Rashi commentary. The Rashi commentary and Metzudot commentary are the major commentaries for the Nach.^[34] ^[35]

In that location are ii major approaches to the report of, and commentary on, the Tanakh. In the Jewish community, the classical approach is a religious study of the Bible, where it is assumed that the Bible is divinely inspired.^[36] Another arroyo is to study the Bible as a human creation.^[37] In this approach, Biblical studies can exist considered as a sub-field of religious studies. The latter practice, when applied to the Torah, is considered heresy^[38] past the Orthodox Jewish community.^[39] Every bit such, much modern day Bible commentary written past non-Orthodox authors is considered forbidden^[40] past rabbis teaching in Orthodox yeshivas. Some classical rabbinic commentators, such every bit Abraham Ibn Ezra, Gersonides, and Maimonides, used many elements of contemporary biblical criticism, including their cognition of history, science, and philology. Their use of historical and scientific analysis of the Bible was considered acceptable past historic Judaism due to the author'due south faith delivery to the thought that God revealed the Torah to Moses on Mount Sinai.

The Modern Orthodox Jewish community allows for a wider array of biblical criticism to be used for biblical books outside of the Torah, and a few Orthodox commentaries at present contain many of the techniques previously institute in the academic world,^[41] eastward.g. the Da'at Miqra serial. Not-Orthodox Jews, including those affiliated with Conservative Judaism and Reform Judaism, accept both traditional and secular approaches to Bible studies. "Jewish commentaries on the Bible", discusses Jewish Tanakh commentaries from the Targums to classical rabbinic literature, the midrash literature, the classical medieval commentators, and modern-mean solar day commentaries.

See likewise [edit]

613 commandments, formal list of Jewish 613 commandments
929: Tanakh B'yachad
Hebrew Academy Bible Project
Jewish English Bible translations
Mikraot Gedolot
New Jewish Publication Society of America Tanakh
Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible
Weekly Torah portion

References [edit]

Footnotes

^ Too called Tanah, Tanach, Tenakh, Tenak, or sometimes the Miqra (מִקְרָא‎)

Sources

^ "Tanach". Random Firm Webster's Unabridged Lexicon.
^ Jeremiah 10:11
^ "Scholars seek Hebrew Bible's original text – but was there one?". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 2014-05-xiii. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
^ "Controversy lurks as scholars attempt to piece of work out Bible'southward original text". The Times of Israel . Retrieved 25 September 2015.
^ Isaac Leo Seeligmann, Robert Hanhart, Hermann Spieckermann: The Septuagint Version of Isaiah and Cognate Studies, Tübingen 2004, pp. 33–34.
^ Shanks, Herschel (1992). Understanding the Dead Ocean Scrolls (1st ed.). Random House. p. 336. ISBN978-0679414483.
^ "Torah". Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 21 Feb 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
^ "Mikra'ot Gedolot".
^ It appears in the masorah magna of the Biblical text, and in the responsa of the Rashba (5:119); see Research Query: Tanakh/תנ״ך
^ Biblical Studies Mikra: Text, Translation, Reading, and Interpretation. Norton Irish Theological Quarterly. 2007; 72: 305–306
^ Safire, William (1997-05-25). "The New One-time Testament". The New York Times. .
^ Hamilton, Mark. "From Hebrew Bible to Christian Bible: Jews, Christians and the Word of God". PBS . Retrieved 2007-eleven-xix . Modern scholars ofttimes employ the term 'Hebrew Bible' to avoid the confessional terms Old Testament and Tanakh.
^ Alexander, Patrick H; et al., eds. (1999). The SBL Handbook of Style. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson. p. 17 (department iv.3). ISBN978-1-56563-487-9. See Society of Biblical Literature: Questions Regarding Digital Editions…
^ ^a ^b McGrath, Alister, Christian Theology, Oxford: Blackwell, 2011, pp. 120, 123. ISBN 978-1444335149.
^ von Harnack, Carl Gustav Adolf (1911). "Marcion". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Printing. pp. 691–693.
^ For the recorded teachings of Jesus on the subject see Antithesis of the Law#Antitheses, for the modern debate, see Christian views on the old covenant
^ "Scanning an Ancient Biblical Text That Humans Fright to Open". The New York Times. Jan 5, 2018.
^ Davies, Philip R. (2001). "The Jewish Scriptural Canon in Cultural Perspective". In McDonald, Lee Martin; Sanders, James A. (eds.). The Canon Fence. Baker Academic. p. PT66. ISBN978-1-4412-4163-four. With many other scholars, I conclude that the fixing of a canonical list was well-nigh certainly the achievement of the Hasmonean dynasty.
^ McDonald & Sanders, The Catechism Debate, 2002, p. five, cited are Neusner's Judaism and Christianity in the Historic period of Constantine, pp. 128–145, and Midrash in Context: Exegesis in Formative Judaism, pp. 1–22.
^ Ginzberg, Louis (1909). The Legends of the Jews Vol. IV : Chapter 11 Ezra (Translated past Henrietta Szold) Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Social club.
^ (Bava Batra 14b–15a, Rashi to Megillah 3a, 14a)
^ Midrash Qoheleth 12:12
^ Kelley, Folio H.; Mynatt, Daniel S.; Crawford, Timothy G. (1998). The Masorah of Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia: Introduction and Annotated Glossary. p. 20. ISBN978-0802843630.
^ John Gill (1767). A Dissertation Apropos the Antiquity of the Hebrew Language: Letters, Vowel-points, and Accents. G. Keith. pp. 136–137. also pp. 250–255
^ ^a ^b Zuckermann, Ghil'advertizement (2020). Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Commonwealth of australia and Beyond. New York: Oxford Academy Press. ISBN978-0199812790.
^ Also called Kinnot in Hebrew.
^ Swete, Henry Barclay (1902). An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek. Cambridge: Macmillan and Co. p. 200.
^ ^a ^b "Guide to State of israel Schools (Tiferet)". Yeshiva University. .. classes in Chumash, Nach, Practical Halacha, Tefilla, ...
^ "Who'south Afraid of Modify? Rethinking the Yeshivah Curriculum". Jewish Action (OU). know piddling Nach, are unexcited by the study of ..
^ ^a ^b "Tova .. our new ." Tova joined the .. faculty this fall every bit a Nach instructor .. Loftier School for Girls.
^ Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan (1995). The Living Nach. ISBN978-1885-22007-3.
^ covered in or before 8th course (and then it'due south a review)
^ Esther, Rus, Shir HaShirim, Eicha and KoHeles: these are read aloud in synagogue, each at a particular indicate in the yearly Holiday cycle.
^ Mishlei. Shai LaMora "Eshkol".
^ "NACH – Shai LaMorah – All Volumes". Description. Nach metzudos on ...
^ Peter Steinfels (September 15, 2007). "Irreconcilable Differences in Bible's Interpretations". The New York Times. of divine origin
^ Michael Massing (March 9, 2002). "New Torah For Modern Minds". The New York Times. human rather than divine document
^ David Plotz (September 16, 2007). "Reading Is Believing, or Not". The New York Times. Mod scholars take besides unmoored ... Most unsettling to religious Jews
^ Natalie Gittelson (September xxx, 1984). "American Jews Rediscover Orthodoxy". The New York Times. watered-down Judaism soon turns to water
^ Chaim Potok (October 3, 1982). "The Bible'due south Inspired Art". The New York Times. Song of Songs ... was entirely profane .. could not accept been written by Solomon
^ Mitchell First (January 11, 2018). "Rabbi Hayyim Angel'southward 13th Volume Is Compilation of Tanach-Related Topics". Jewish Link NJ.

External links [edit]

Judaica Press Translation of Tanakh with Rashi's commentary Complimentary online translation of Tanakh and Rashi'due south entire commentary
Mikraot Gedolot (Rabbinic Bible) at Wikisource in English (sample) and Hebrew (sample)
A Guide to Reading Nevi'im and Ketuvim – Detailed Hebrew outlines of the biblical books based on the natural period of the text (rather than the chapter divisions). The outlines include a daily report-bicycle, and the explanatory material is in English, past Seth (Avi) Kadish.
Tanakh Hebrew Bible Project—An online projection that aims to nowadays critical text of the Hebrew Bible with of import ancient versions (Samaritan Pentateuch, Masoretic Text, Targum Onkelos, Samaritan Targum, Septuagint, Peshitta, Aquila of Sinope, Symmachus, Theodotion, Vetus Latina, and Vulgate) in parallel with new English translation for each version, plus a comprehensive critical appliance and a textual commentary for every poetry.

cunhawoun1960.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible